What is nanosatellite and its methodology

What is Nanosatellite 

INTRODUCTION: 

At the beginning of the space age, the first nanosatellite mission was the Vanguard TV3, unsuccessfully launched in 6 December 1957, only a after few month the launch of the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1. The Latest Satellites are Use In this Survey Are AggieSat 2 and BEVO-1, launched on 30 July 2009. There is a Russian satellite whose name is sputnik1 and its diameter is 58 cm metal sphere and its weight is approximately 84KG and it has four ratio antennas.

Transmitting at 20.005 - 40.002 MHz. Study of Sputnik1 signals from earth provided valuable informations on upper atmosphere density, and the propagation of radio signals provided information on the ionosphere. Sputnik 1 did not have as solar panels. So the mission ended after 3 weeks when the batteries died. Nanosatellite development based on CubeSat standards relatively inexpensive guarantee access to spaces, as well as wide range of launch and spaces rocket.CubeSat standardisation opens using commercial electronics parts up the possibilities of and the choice of numerous technology suppliers, thereby consider cutting the costs of CubeSat engineering and development projects in comparison with the other types of satellites.

The nanosatellites are developed to serve as introduction and training of new aerospace fields. To develop a nanosatellite would venture into aerospace research and application of technologies providing the possibility to established the basis to implement large projects using local knowledgement and technologies. The experimental science of designing, implementing, and putting a nanosatellite orbit involves the use of engineering parts and technologies in such a way of knowledge areas as communication, telemetry, and remote sensing, also other subjects such as automation, and remote control. A nanosatellite could be a tool for demonstrating scale development of a spatial element that may be placed into the orbit and may communicate with the world Earth,simply “beep” transmitted on its wave. But, on the other hand, there are more complex nanosatellite mission oriented to different complex task. These tasks could include remote sensing mission, communication, physical characteristic monitoring, radiation monitoring, climate changes, magnetic field, meteorology, communication, agriculture, deforestation, astronomy, planetary science, etc. 

R&D INDEX:

NANO-SATELLITES MISSIONS:

This section describes the background of this study, are presented, the present situation of nano-satellites, as emerging technology worldwide, first we present the South American approach and finally we provide the global approach.

Argentina: The technical name of "Capitan Beto ''  for cubeBug-1 is that the first Argentine nanosatellite, its weight is 2 kg and its dimension of 10 cm square. The CubeSat was launched by rocket Long March 2 on april 26, 2013 from the space center in Jiuquan-China. On the other hand, the project encompasses scientific purposes not just for Argentina but education throughout South America since both hardware and software of CubeBug-1 are an open platform to any university or research institute.

Brazil: The nanosatellite of 3U launched by serpens mission and developed by university consortium on August 29, 2015. the. The most objective of Serpens was transponder to test s-band communication and VHF for store and forward the message to UHF transponder fully compatible with the human store and forward messaging system, to built by mars space Ltd. and clyde space and pulsed plasma thruster (PPT).

Colombia: Nanosatellite was the primary South American launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on April 27, 2007. Less than mass and a volume of 10 cm3, this project was called Libertad, which was the first nanosatellite technology by Colombians and was developed by three teachers and students from Universidad Sergio Arboleda. CubeSat orbited the Earth for about sent temperature data every 45 minutes and 30 days. This project was the first step for Colombians, an appropriation of technical knowledge. The University of Sergio Arboleda is leading with second nanosatellite design and development, which is also called Libertad.

Chile: Such as 1U Cubesat, the coordination of developed at the Space and Planetary Exploration Laboratory, this nano-satellite carries a main mission is to operate in langmuir probe small camera, with the ground-based instruments such as magnetometer network and Scatter Radars for measure the plasma density at low orbit at all latitudes this measurement will help to study the magnetospheric/ionospheric plasma parameters. The Cubesat is expected to be in orbit in 2016, it will be launched in a Space-X Falcon-9 rocket.

Ecuador: The NEE-01Pegaso was developed by Ecuadorian professionals belonging in 2011 to the Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency, the nano-satellite was to transmitted video in real-time and specific place since equipped with a camera. The launched by Ecuadorian nanosatellites in april 2013 was from Jiuquan spaceport in China by the Long March 2 rockets. On 16 May of the same year, Pegaso was broadcasting to send the primary images at the same time while orbiting Ecuadorian territory. On May 23, 2013, the station stopped broadcasting since it collided with space debris.

 Peru: Peru, with the support of its national space agency COMIDA (Comisión Nacional de Investigación Desarrollo Aeroespacial) is try to make inroads in the development of space technology. The Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru launched by the Peruvian nanosatellite PUCP-SAT in November 2013. The University Alas Peruanas launched its nano-satellite UAPSAT in January 2014. This CubeSat is a cubic shape and measures 10 × 10 × 10 cm with a mass of 1 kg, the same dedicated to meet technology demonstration objectives for scientific and academic  purposes.

Nanosatellite requirement: 

Nanosatellites are defined as satellites between 1 and 10kg. Nanosatellites compared to larger satellites are allowable mass and overall size and shape. The power usage of nanosatellites is restricted due to the power generation availability of each satellite and power which may be delivered to the system, usually less than 30W. A receiver mounted by board of a nanosatellite would be used as part of an instrument of scientist for ionospheric study, for identification of patterns will be  solar-terrestrial obtaining of statistical data to find the correlation between the local ionosphere and climatic changes. A device should be produce an array of navigation measurements and also calculate the absolutely total electron content, which are used for ionospheres. To calculate the absolute temperature TEC, we use as known technique that combined the  barrier phases and pseudorange measurement. Accounting for the peculiarities of these techniques and the geometric  measurements, we put forward a number of requirements for a scientific instrument to study the ionosphere.

Top companies in India for nanosatellite

Methodology and the ECSS standard:

The European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) standards are the result of a European effort in the working process for all types of space projects, cover every single system and process in their development. These standard have been followed by space projects in the Europe for the last 20 years, making their proposed methodology the traditional one. During the process (initial study, design, production, testings and operations), the ECSS standards provide the number and type of documents that should be released as well as the reviews that should take place. They also both recommended and forbid the employment of certain technology and used an materials in  aerospace missions, depends  upon specific application. Following these standards is usually a requirement imposed by ESA when working with them and, consequently, with the most important companies and institutions in the European space industry. Space systems engineering defines a framework of requirements and objectives that must be fulfilled. In approach, the design phases is usually a top-down process that reaches a solution in compliance with said requirements and objectives. The system engineer is the person that act as the different subsystems and coordinates the different aspects of the design process to ensure compliance with the solution.

Launches by years discussion:

➢ 3 years of decline in the number of offer the record in 2017. 

• New rocket launches are delayed by 2-3 years and vega 1 year.
• constellation much slower to scale up from demonstrations.

➢ New records in 2021 to nanosatellite launches.

• Unlikely to be 750 as shown, but perhaps 400-500.
• The most forecasts (including nanosats) have been too optimistic about the up and down reality.

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REFERENCE: 

1. (PDF) A nano-satellite to study the Sun and the Earth (researchgate.net)
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311886436_Nanosatellites_Actual_Mission_that_Can_Perform
3. https://alen.space/basic-guide-nanosatellites/
4. Aerospace Companies in India List 2021 Updated (digitalmarketingdeal.com)
5. viewcontent.cgi (usu.edu)